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A systematic review of low back pain cost of illness studies in the United States and internationally

This review identified several studies that have previously attempted to estimate the direct, indirect, or total costs associated with LBP, both in the United States and internationally. Study methodology differed considerably, making direct cost comparisons across studies and between countries difficult. The largest components of direct medical costs were PT, inpatient services, pharmacy, and primary care. From studies conducted outside the United States, it appears that direct medical costs represent only a small portion of the total costs of LBP, suggesting that interventions for cost savings from a societal perspective. Further studies are required in the United States to estimate the total cost of LBP and inform decision making for this complex and challenging condition.

By Jaime Caro and Scott Haldeman.